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KMID : 0857920200230020007
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Yonsei Journal of Medical History
2020 Volume.23 No. 2 p.7 ~ p.39
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The Origin of Hospital(byung-won) in East Asia
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Lee Hyun-Sook
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Abstract
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This paper aims to research for the origin of byung-won(Ü»êÂ, Ch. bingyuan) in East Asia. Hospital or Infirmary used to be a place of curing sick people in medieval Europe. From the 16th century it was introduced and translated to bingyuan in China and byo-in in Japan by Jesuit missionary. In 16th and 17th century Jesuit missionaries translated European hospital into Chinese bingyuan, because it seems that they found similar one in Buddhist temple. Actually the Bingyuan was originated from ancient Indian temples. In 667 Daoxuan(596-667) introduced the ancient Indian temple and he translated the healing space for sick monks in temple as ¡®bingyuan(Ü»êÂ)¡¯ or ¡®bingfangyuan(ܻ۩êÂ)¡¯. According to Daoxuan, the bingyuan, which was used to provide the treatment to sick monk, was set up along with restaurant, bathroom, and restroom in western part of temple. The ideal temple including bingyuan that Daoxuan had introduced was also found in the architecture of the temple in Song China. In Buddhist scriptures, it used to emphasize the salvation of the poor and the sick. Since Faxian(Ûöúé, 337-422) had introduced a kind of charity hospital, fude- yiyaoshe (ÜØÓìì¢å·Þì) in The Journey of Faxian to India, there were many anecdotes to rescuing the poor and the sick under the name of beitian(Ýè?) in ancient China. In Tang China, beitian-yangbingfang(Ýè?å×ܻ۩) was established in temples and Buddhist monks used to take care of the poor and the sick, paid for the expenses by the government. Korea and Japan adopted this salvation system. Dongseo Daebiwon(ÔÔ?ÓÞÝèêÂ, Great Mercy Hospital in West and East) in Goryeo Dynasty was originated from Tang¡¯s beitian-yangbingfang. Now Korea use the term ¡®byung-won(Ü»êÂ)¡¯ as hospital while China calls it yiyuan(ì¢êÂ). The Governmental medical institution used be called ¡®yi-won(ì¢êÂ, Ch. yiyuan)¡¯ in medieval China and Korea. However modern Japan preferred the term byo-in(Ü»êÂ) as the translated word for hospital, influenced by Jesuit missionary. Now according to Korean medical law, the hospital which has more than 20 inpatients is translated into byungwon and the clinic which has less than 20 inpatients into yi-won(ì¢êÂ), because Korean medical law was greatly influenced by Japan.
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KEYWORD
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hospital, infirmary, Buddhist Temple, salvation of the poor, bi-jeon-won, yang-byung-won, Dong-Seo Dae-bi-won(charity hospital in East and West), Ancient East Asia, byoin, bingyuan, yiyuan(ì¢êÂ)
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